{"id":2143,"date":"2020-03-19T17:00:36","date_gmt":"2020-03-19T16:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/facial-recognition-and-artificial-intelligence\/"},"modified":"2022-09-08T09:32:21","modified_gmt":"2022-09-08T07:32:21","slug":"facial-recognition-and-artificial-intelligence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/facial-recognition-and-artificial-intelligence\/","title":{"rendered":"FACIAL RECOGNITION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Facial recognition<\/strong> and artificial intelligence\u00a0work together to create a safety technology that is increasingly popular in many sectors and even in our daily lives. But how does facial recognition work and what are its pros and cons?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"face\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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WHAT IS FACIAL RECOGNITION?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Today we are well aware of the close relationship between facial recognition and artificial intelligence.\u00a0Facial recognition,\u00a0certainly among the most innovative and revolutionary technological inventions of our time in the field of ICT research, is a biometric technique that serves to uniquely identify a person on the basis of his\/her facial contours.<\/p>

Among the most popular facial recognition techniques are\u00a0generalised facial recognition\u00a0and\u00a0adaptive regional facial recognition, which work on the basis of the different nodal points of a human face and help in identifying the person.<\/p>

Artificial intelligence helps facial recognition because it is a form of intelligence typical of a\u00a0smart system, which is created by trying to recreate a \u201chuman\u201d intelligence mixed with the features of machines intelligence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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HOW DOES A FACIAL RECOGNITION SOFTWARE WORK AND WHAT ARE ITS TECHNOLOGIES?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Generally, facial recognition software is based on non-quality\u00a02D images, i.e. flat images of the face that do not provide valid identification characteristics. Using a 2D image, a device is not able to recognize the length of the nose or the prominence of the forehead, but is based on\u00a0brightness. In fact, facial recognition is unreliable in low light conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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3D facial recognition<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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3D technology\u00a0can solve the problem.\u00a03D facial recognition\u00a0is achieved through a technique called \u201clidar\u201d. Face scan devices cast a laser pulse onto the face, which is filmed by an IR camera within the device. In this way the tool calculates how long it takes the IR light to bounce from the face to the device.<\/p>

It uses this information to create a unique depth map of the entire face, to increase the accuracy of the software and decrease the possibility of error.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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THE THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA FOR FACIAL RECOGNITION<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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By using a\u00a0thermographic camera\u00a0that does not emit IR light but detects that emitted by objects, it is possible to detect also subtle differences in temperature. There are several ways to identify a face using the thermal imaging camera, but these are incredibly complicated techniques. Let\u2019s see together why they are so complicated:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta thermal imaging camera needs to take multiple photos of a face, via long waves that provide more detail on the subject<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIR images can also be used to extract the formation of blood vessels in a person's face, for example to use them as unique facial fingerprints. But also, to find the distance between the facial organs or to identify bruises and scars<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe composite image created using multiple IR images can be compared with a facial database to identify the subject<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthermal facial recognition is usually used in the military field<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthermal imaging does not work well during the day and does not have many possible fields of application<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    All types of facial recognition on the market<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Let\u2019s figure out how facial recognition works, and also the many facial recognition apps on the market today, with the three applications listed below:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe \"basic\" facial recognition is that used by the Instagram or Snapchat filters, which uses the smartphone's camera and algorithms to search for the characteristics that define a face<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdevice unlocking the with the face is possible thanks to the ability of the devices to take a photo of the face and measure the distance between its distinctive features. Thus, when we try to unlock the phone with our face, the system measures and confirms the identity we set. Think, for example, of Apple's Face ID<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe identification of a stranger for security, advertising or police reasons, takes place through the use of algorithms that use an extended database of faces that time after time associate different profiles with the one examined<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      THE PROBLEMS WITH FACIAL RECOGNITION<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      Australia is the country that most of all makes massive use of facial recognition. Starting from the photo taken to obtain a driving license or to issue\/renew the passport. A\u00a0federal bill\u00a0allows government agencies and private companies to use documents uploaded to the national database for facial recognition. Such a measure should decrease identity theft.<\/p>

      On the other hand, those who obtain the passport sign a form to authorise the use of the photos for biometric correspondence. For \u201cprivacy advocates\u201d the benefits of this system do not justify intrusion into people\u2019s private lives. The highly invasive method for facial data collection also includes\u00a0video surveillance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      THE GDPR FOR FACIAL RECOGNITION<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      The GDPR<\/b> is the set of rules for regulating the use of facial recognition and massive biometrics. Here are the law articles related to it:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tart. 9.1: the sensitive data to be protected are personal data such as ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs, union membership and so on<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tart. 4 no. 14: biometric data are personal data obtained from technical treatment and which allow or confirm the univocal identification of that person<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\trecital 51: the processing of photographs falls within the definition of biometric data only if these are processed through a specific technical device, which allows the univocal identification of a natural person<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        To legally process biometric data, it is necessary to use one of the legal bases provided for Art.\u00a09.2, or the\u00a0explicit consent\u00a0of the interested party.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        CONSENT FOR THE PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Explicit consent\u00a0for the processing of personal data is required in certain circumstances in which serious data protection risks arise, such as in the case of facial recognition. To obtain consent, an explicit unequivocal declaration by the interested party is needed, perhaps in the form of a written declaration signed by the interested party.<\/p>

        In the online context, the interested party can give consent via an electronic form via e-mail or by using an electronic signature. Obviously, the interested partis can withdraw their consent at any time, without prejudice to the validity of the consent before the revocation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Impact Assessment\u00a0is essential to reduce the risk of disclosure of personal data in facial recognition. It is an independent evaluation made by the Data Controller to analyse the need and risks of the treatment itself. It is mandatory in these cases:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tin evaluating personal aspects based on automated processing, including profiling, in the context of decisions that have legal effects<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tin the presence of treatment of particular categories of personal data, for example data relating to criminal convictions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfor systematic large-scale surveillance of a publicly accessible area, such as video surveillance<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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          To determine if a treatment is carried out on a large scale, reference must be made to the number of interested subjects, the volume and type of data, the duration and geographic scope of the treatment activity.<\/p>

          The Impact Assessment must contain the following documents:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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          • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsystematic description of the treatments envisaged and the purposes of the treatment<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tassessment of the need for treatments in relation to the purposes<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\trisk assessment for the rights and freedoms of data <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmeasures and guarantees envisaged to deal with risks and guarantee the protection of personal data<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            HOW TO GUARANTEE THE SECURITY OF PERSONAL DATA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            To protect data online and digitally, they need to be completely anonymous, for example by removing the name before they are recorded in a database. The\u00a0data anonymisation\u00a0software creates a high level of security, but alternatively there is\u00a0pseudonymisation. It is a technique that prevents data from being attributed to a specific person without the use of additional information, stored separately and subject to technical guarantee measures.<\/p>

            Among the measures adopted by the GDPR there are:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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            • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta Data Loss Prevention strategy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe creation of a Disaster Recovery plan<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta GDPR compliant data backup policy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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              Privacy and facial recognition<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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              The Swedish privacy authority has sanctioned a high school for having implemented one of the most original systems for\u00a0biometric recognition\u00a0by using it to record the\u00a0presence of students\u00a0with facial recognition technology. The presence of students was captured and recorded through\u00a0smart cameras, to automate daily operations and save the customary 10 minutes, as well as around 18k per year.<\/p>

              The biometric data were collected by the cameras in the form of photographs of the students\u2019 faces and stored on a computer without an internet connection. Explicit consent was collected from the student\u2019s legal representatives, but nevertheless no DPIA or consultation was carried out. This is the reasons why, according to the Stockholm privacy authority, the school has violated some articles of the GDPR.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Facial recognition and artificial intelligence\u00a0work together to create a safety technology that is increasingly popular in many sectors and even in our daily lives. But how does facial recognition work and what are its pros and cons? WHAT IS FACIAL RECOGNITION? Today we are well aware of the close relationship between facial recognition and artificial […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":2131,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence","category-journal"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2143"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4280,"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2143\/revisions\/4280"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2131"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2143"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2143"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmf-research.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}